5/18/2025
Last update
5/18/2025
Reviewed By
Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 45 Researches
7.6
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.4
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Teaspoon (5 ml)
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
40
Total Fat
4.5 g
6%**
Saturated Fat
0.5 g
3%**
Cholesterol
15 mg
5%
Vitamin A (from cod liver oil and retinyl palmitate)
255 mcg RAE(850 IU)
28%
Vitamin D (from cod liver oil and cholecalciferol)
10 mcg (400 IU)
50%
Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol)
6.7 mg
45%
Norwegian Cod Liver Oil
4.6 g
†
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids*
1,100 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)*
500 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)*
370 mg
†
DPA (Docosapentaenoic Acid)*
50 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
9
We investigated the effects of cod liver oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, on heart health following a heart attack in rats. After a feeding period, we discovered that cod liver oil significantly boosted the heart's ability to withstand fibrillation and reduced abnormal heart rhythms.
It improved heart functioning during rest, but we found no significant impact on heart pressure or contraction speed. While there are some promising signs, the overall influence of cod liver oil on heart attack recovery remains limited.
It improved heart functioning during rest, but we found no significant impact on heart pressure or contraction speed. While there are some promising signs, the overall influence of cod liver oil on heart attack recovery remains limited.
Read More
9
DHA aids post-heart attack recovery
We explored the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on heart attack recovery in rats. The study aimed to understand how DHA, alongside eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), can influence heart failure following myocardial infarction (MI).
Using several groups of rats experiencing moderate heart issues, we evaluated how these omega-3 fatty acids impacted heart function. We found that both DHA and EPA effectively curtailed the hypertrophic response in heart cells. This response is a significant factor in heart failure, where heart tissue thickens and hardens.
Notably, both DHA and EPA inhibited the activity of a histone acetyltransferase called p300. This activity is linked to molecular changes that promote heart cell enlargement and fibrosis. In our analysis, we observed that these fatty acids not only preserved cardiac function but also prevented structural changes common after a heart attack.
Overall, we noted that DHA had a comparable protective effect to EPA, significantly improving heart health and reducing fibrosis in the heart tissue. As such, the findings suggest that incorporating DHA could be a heart-friendly choice post-heart attack.
Using several groups of rats experiencing moderate heart issues, we evaluated how these omega-3 fatty acids impacted heart function. We found that both DHA and EPA effectively curtailed the hypertrophic response in heart cells. This response is a significant factor in heart failure, where heart tissue thickens and hardens.
Notably, both DHA and EPA inhibited the activity of a histone acetyltransferase called p300. This activity is linked to molecular changes that promote heart cell enlargement and fibrosis. In our analysis, we observed that these fatty acids not only preserved cardiac function but also prevented structural changes common after a heart attack.
Overall, we noted that DHA had a comparable protective effect to EPA, significantly improving heart health and reducing fibrosis in the heart tissue. As such, the findings suggest that incorporating DHA could be a heart-friendly choice post-heart attack.
Read More
9
We investigated how eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may help improve heart health after a heart attack. In our study, we induced myocardial infarction (MI) in male rats by ligating their coronary artery. Some of these rats received daily treatment with EPA, while others did not, allowing us to compare the effects.
Over 12 weeks, we observed that the rats treated with EPA showed better left ventricular function—essentially, their hearts were working more efficiently. Moreover, these rats had higher levels of EPA in their mitochondria, which are the energy factories of cells. Despite the damage caused by the heart attack, the EPA treatment helped maintain crucial energy levels and kept the mitochondrial function from declining, preserving a specific protein linked to cellular health.
Our findings suggest that including EPA in the diet can bolster mitochondrial quality and support heart function after an MI. This could mean that EPA may serve as an important dietary addition for promoting heart health following heart events.
Over 12 weeks, we observed that the rats treated with EPA showed better left ventricular function—essentially, their hearts were working more efficiently. Moreover, these rats had higher levels of EPA in their mitochondria, which are the energy factories of cells. Despite the damage caused by the heart attack, the EPA treatment helped maintain crucial energy levels and kept the mitochondrial function from declining, preserving a specific protein linked to cellular health.
Our findings suggest that including EPA in the diet can bolster mitochondrial quality and support heart function after an MI. This could mean that EPA may serve as an important dietary addition for promoting heart health following heart events.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Enhanced clarity
After taking this, I notice my thoughts are clearer and I have better memory retention. Norwegian snow cod liver oil is highly beneficial for lowering cholesterol and protecting against heart attack. I strongly recommend it for its numerous benefits.
Read More
8
Lowered cholesterol
Fish oil is excellent! It's far superior to pharmacy products. I buy it for both myself and my child; it helps reduce my cholesterol and improves my heart function, while it strengthens my child's immunity. The delivery is prompt and well-packaged.
Read More
7.5
Reduced inflammation
1 people found this helpful
Omg! This oil is fantastic! I previously took cod liver oil in capsules, but after trying this oil, I prefer it. I feel a noticeable difference in my heart and brain health within a week, and my toe inflammation has improved significantly. I will definitely buy it again.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 45 Researches
7.6
- All Researches
9
We aimed to investigate the impact of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a key component of cod liver oil, on heart damage after a heart attack. Using laboratory models, we observed that DHA helps improve heart cell survival and function after cardiac injury.
Notably, DHA reduces damage, enhances heart performance, and promotes beneficial autophagy processes. It operates via specific cellular pathways. Our findings suggest DHA may offer protective benefits for the heart following a heart attack.
Notably, DHA reduces damage, enhances heart performance, and promotes beneficial autophagy processes. It operates via specific cellular pathways. Our findings suggest DHA may offer protective benefits for the heart following a heart attack.
Read More
9
We investigated the effects of cod liver oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, on heart health following a heart attack in rats. After a feeding period, we discovered that cod liver oil significantly boosted the heart's ability to withstand fibrillation and reduced abnormal heart rhythms.
It improved heart functioning during rest, but we found no significant impact on heart pressure or contraction speed. While there are some promising signs, the overall influence of cod liver oil on heart attack recovery remains limited.
It improved heart functioning during rest, but we found no significant impact on heart pressure or contraction speed. While there are some promising signs, the overall influence of cod liver oil on heart attack recovery remains limited.
Read More
9
DHA aids post-heart attack recovery
We explored the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on heart attack recovery in rats. The study aimed to understand how DHA, alongside eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), can influence heart failure following myocardial infarction (MI).
Using several groups of rats experiencing moderate heart issues, we evaluated how these omega-3 fatty acids impacted heart function. We found that both DHA and EPA effectively curtailed the hypertrophic response in heart cells. This response is a significant factor in heart failure, where heart tissue thickens and hardens.
Notably, both DHA and EPA inhibited the activity of a histone acetyltransferase called p300. This activity is linked to molecular changes that promote heart cell enlargement and fibrosis. In our analysis, we observed that these fatty acids not only preserved cardiac function but also prevented structural changes common after a heart attack.
Overall, we noted that DHA had a comparable protective effect to EPA, significantly improving heart health and reducing fibrosis in the heart tissue. As such, the findings suggest that incorporating DHA could be a heart-friendly choice post-heart attack.
Using several groups of rats experiencing moderate heart issues, we evaluated how these omega-3 fatty acids impacted heart function. We found that both DHA and EPA effectively curtailed the hypertrophic response in heart cells. This response is a significant factor in heart failure, where heart tissue thickens and hardens.
Notably, both DHA and EPA inhibited the activity of a histone acetyltransferase called p300. This activity is linked to molecular changes that promote heart cell enlargement and fibrosis. In our analysis, we observed that these fatty acids not only preserved cardiac function but also prevented structural changes common after a heart attack.
Overall, we noted that DHA had a comparable protective effect to EPA, significantly improving heart health and reducing fibrosis in the heart tissue. As such, the findings suggest that incorporating DHA could be a heart-friendly choice post-heart attack.
Read More
9
DHA supports heart recovery post-MI
We investigated how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, influences recovery following a heart attack (MI) in the context of dietary fat intake. The study began by feeding mice with safflower oil (rich in omega-6 fatty acids) for 12 weeks, followed by DHA supplementation for another 8 weeks before inducing a heart attack.
Through this process, we observed that the early intake of safflower oil led to heightened inflammation, delaying the body’s ability to heal. However, when we supplemented with DHA, we noted a favorable shift. DHA increased the levels of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) that help the body resolve inflammation. These mediators seemed to counteract the negative effects of safflower oil by enhancing mechanisms in both the heart and kidneys critical for recovery post-MI.
Additionally, DHA contributed to an increase in resolving macrophages, which play a vital role in repairing the heart, and it also elevated T regulatory cells in the heart tissue during chronic heart failure. This might suggest that transitioning from a diet high in omega-6 fatty acids to one rich in omega-3s like DHA could improve outcomes after heart attacks.
Overall, while excessive safflower oil intake worsens inflammation and affects heart recovery, DHA promotes a healthier resolving phase, supporting better heart and kidney function in the aftermath of a heart attack.
Through this process, we observed that the early intake of safflower oil led to heightened inflammation, delaying the body’s ability to heal. However, when we supplemented with DHA, we noted a favorable shift. DHA increased the levels of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) that help the body resolve inflammation. These mediators seemed to counteract the negative effects of safflower oil by enhancing mechanisms in both the heart and kidneys critical for recovery post-MI.
Additionally, DHA contributed to an increase in resolving macrophages, which play a vital role in repairing the heart, and it also elevated T regulatory cells in the heart tissue during chronic heart failure. This might suggest that transitioning from a diet high in omega-6 fatty acids to one rich in omega-3s like DHA could improve outcomes after heart attacks.
Overall, while excessive safflower oil intake worsens inflammation and affects heart recovery, DHA promotes a healthier resolving phase, supporting better heart and kidney function in the aftermath of a heart attack.
Read More
9
We explored the role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in heart attack recovery, particularly its effect on restoring blood flow during ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Our focus was on understanding whether higher levels of EPA relative to arachidonic acid could lead to faster recovery and better outcomes for patients experiencing this type of heart attack.
The study revealed that patients with elevated EPA levels indeed showed quicker restoration of coronary blood flow. This is promising, as efficient blood flow restoration is critical in minimizing heart damage during a heart attack. However, it’s essential to note that the effectiveness of EPA may vary based on other treatments the patients are receiving.
These findings suggest a positive link between EPA and heart attack recovery, but further investigation is necessary to determine the best approaches for integrating EPA into treatment protocols. Ultimately, while we observed encouraging results, the interplay between dietary interventions and other medical treatments warrants additional research.
The study revealed that patients with elevated EPA levels indeed showed quicker restoration of coronary blood flow. This is promising, as efficient blood flow restoration is critical in minimizing heart damage during a heart attack. However, it’s essential to note that the effectiveness of EPA may vary based on other treatments the patients are receiving.
These findings suggest a positive link between EPA and heart attack recovery, but further investigation is necessary to determine the best approaches for integrating EPA into treatment protocols. Ultimately, while we observed encouraging results, the interplay between dietary interventions and other medical treatments warrants additional research.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.4
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Enhanced clarity
After taking this, I notice my thoughts are clearer and I have better memory retention. Norwegian snow cod liver oil is highly beneficial for lowering cholesterol and protecting against heart attack. I strongly recommend it for its numerous benefits.
Read More
8
Lowered cholesterol
Fish oil is excellent! It's far superior to pharmacy products. I buy it for both myself and my child; it helps reduce my cholesterol and improves my heart function, while it strengthens my child's immunity. The delivery is prompt and well-packaged.
Read More
7.5
Reduced inflammation
1 people found this helpful
Omg! This oil is fantastic! I previously took cod liver oil in capsules, but after trying this oil, I prefer it. I feel a noticeable difference in my heart and brain health within a week, and my toe inflammation has improved significantly. I will definitely buy it again.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
7.5
Reduced inflammation
1 people found this helpful
Omg! This oil is fantastic! I previously took cod liver oil in capsules, but after trying this oil, I prefer it. I feel a noticeable difference in my heart and brain health within a week, and my toe inflammation has improved significantly. I will definitely buy it again.
9
Enhanced clarity
After taking this, I notice my thoughts are clearer and I have better memory retention. Norwegian snow cod liver oil is highly beneficial for lowering cholesterol and protecting against heart attack. I strongly recommend it for its numerous benefits.
8
Lowered cholesterol
Fish oil is excellent! It's far superior to pharmacy products. I buy it for both myself and my child; it helps reduce my cholesterol and improves my heart function, while it strengthens my child's immunity. The delivery is prompt and well-packaged.
9
We aimed to investigate the impact of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a key component of cod liver oil, on heart damage after a heart attack. Using laboratory models, we observed that DHA helps improve heart cell survival and function after cardiac injury.
Notably, DHA reduces damage, enhances heart performance, and promotes beneficial autophagy processes. It operates via specific cellular pathways. Our findings suggest DHA may offer protective benefits for the heart following a heart attack.
Notably, DHA reduces damage, enhances heart performance, and promotes beneficial autophagy processes. It operates via specific cellular pathways. Our findings suggest DHA may offer protective benefits for the heart following a heart attack.
4
We conducted a two-arm, open-label, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of cod liver oil in preventing heart attacks among patients at risk for cardiovascular events. Over a span of three years, we enrolled 870 participants who provided informed consent to be part of this important research.
The study group received a daily supplement of 415 mg of cod liver oil alongside their standard treatment, while a control group received no additional treatment. We followed both groups for 12 months, monitoring them closely for any developments of myocardial infarction (MI).
Our findings showed that those who took cod liver oil experienced slightly fewer instances of heart attacks; however, this difference wasn’t statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.09. This means we didn't find compelling evidence that cod liver oil effectively reduces the risk of heart attacks, both fatal and non-fatal.
Given these results, it's clear that while we explored the potential benefits of cod liver oil, more extensive studies are necessary to confirm its true role in heart health and preventing cardiovascular events.
The study group received a daily supplement of 415 mg of cod liver oil alongside their standard treatment, while a control group received no additional treatment. We followed both groups for 12 months, monitoring them closely for any developments of myocardial infarction (MI).
Our findings showed that those who took cod liver oil experienced slightly fewer instances of heart attacks; however, this difference wasn’t statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.09. This means we didn't find compelling evidence that cod liver oil effectively reduces the risk of heart attacks, both fatal and non-fatal.
Given these results, it's clear that while we explored the potential benefits of cod liver oil, more extensive studies are necessary to confirm its true role in heart health and preventing cardiovascular events.
4
We set out to understand how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) impacts the risk of major cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks. In our study, we analyzed data from nearly 1,000 people who had undergone coronary angiography to measure levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in their blood.
Our findings revealed that while higher levels of EPA were linked to a decreased risk of major cardiovascular events, DHA did not show a similar benefit. In fact, when higher levels of DHA were present alongside low levels of EPA, the protective effect of EPA seemed to diminish, leading to a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Interestingly, our analysis indicated that having a balanced EPA/DHA ratio was associated with better long-term heart health outcomes. Overall, this suggests that simply increasing DHA may not help, and it could even interfere with the protective benefits of EPA when EPA levels are low.
Our study helps clarify the complex relationship between these omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular health, especially in light of mixed findings in previous research about combined EPA and DHA supplementation.
Our findings revealed that while higher levels of EPA were linked to a decreased risk of major cardiovascular events, DHA did not show a similar benefit. In fact, when higher levels of DHA were present alongside low levels of EPA, the protective effect of EPA seemed to diminish, leading to a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Interestingly, our analysis indicated that having a balanced EPA/DHA ratio was associated with better long-term heart health outcomes. Overall, this suggests that simply increasing DHA may not help, and it could even interfere with the protective benefits of EPA when EPA levels are low.
Our study helps clarify the complex relationship between these omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular health, especially in light of mixed findings in previous research about combined EPA and DHA supplementation.
7
We aimed to understand how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment influences the risk of heart attacks among individuals at risk for cardiovascular events. The research involved analyzing data from eighteen randomized controlled trials, which collectively included over 134,000 participants. These trials compared the effects of different omega-3 fatty acid combinations, including DHA alone, against control groups.
Overall, we found that omega-3 supplementation, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) combined with DHA, significantly reduced the risk of heart attacks. However, when it comes to DHA alone, the results were not as clear-cut. While DHA is often included in omega-3 formulations, its isolated impact on heart attack risk wasn’t explicitly determined in the trials.
Interestingly, participants who received EPA showed an even greater reduction in the risk of revascularization and other cardiovascular outcomes compared to those who received the combination with DHA. This suggests that while DHA has its benefits, EPA seems to take the lead in providing protective effects against heart attacks.
The overall findings encourage further exploration of the individual roles of these omega-3 fatty acids, particularly in relation to heart health, to clarify if and how they might specifically contribute to lowering heart attack risks in different populations.
Overall, we found that omega-3 supplementation, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) combined with DHA, significantly reduced the risk of heart attacks. However, when it comes to DHA alone, the results were not as clear-cut. While DHA is often included in omega-3 formulations, its isolated impact on heart attack risk wasn’t explicitly determined in the trials.
Interestingly, participants who received EPA showed an even greater reduction in the risk of revascularization and other cardiovascular outcomes compared to those who received the combination with DHA. This suggests that while DHA has its benefits, EPA seems to take the lead in providing protective effects against heart attacks.
The overall findings encourage further exploration of the individual roles of these omega-3 fatty acids, particularly in relation to heart health, to clarify if and how they might specifically contribute to lowering heart attack risks in different populations.
References
- Shi Y, Li H, Wu T, Wang Q, Zhu Q, et al. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enhanced Autophagic Flux Improves Cardiac Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction by Targeting the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:1509421. 10.1155/2022/1509421
- Nilsen DWT, Myhre PL, Kalstad A, Schmidt EB, Arnesen H, et al. Serum Levels of Dihomo-Gamma (γ)-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) Are Inversely Associated with Linoleic Acid and Total Death in Elderly Patients with a Recent Myocardial Infarction. Nutrients. 2021;13. 10.3390/nu13103475
- Mal M, Kumar A, Meraj A, Devi A, Mañego AMB, et al. Role of Cod Liver Oil in Preventing Myocardial Infarction. Cureus. 2021;13:e16067. 10.7759/cureus.16067
- Meerson FZ, Belkina LM, Fu STs, Isaev VA. [Correction of disorders of cardiac electric stability in post-infarction cardiosclerosis using a diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids]. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993;115:343.
- Skúladóttir GV, Gudmundsdóttir E, Olafsdóttir E, Gudmundsson TV, Hardarson T, et al. Influence of dietary cod liver oil on fatty acid composition of plasma lipids in human male subjects after myocardial infarction. J Intern Med. 1990;228:563.
- Kahl PE, Schimke E, Hildebrandt R, Beitz J, Schimke I, et al. The influence of cod-liver oil diet on various lipid metabolism parameters, the thromboxane formation capacity, platelet function and the serum MDA level in patients suffering from myocardial infarction. Cor Vasa. 1987;29:199.
- Fischer S, Weber PC. Thromboxane (TX)A3 and prostaglandin (PG)I3 are formed in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid: identification and quantification by capillary gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. Biomed Mass Spectrom. 1985;12:470.
- Fischer S, Weber PC. Prostaglandin I3 is formed in vivo in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Nature. 1984;307:165.
- Hamaya R, Cook NR, Sesso HD, Buring JE, Manson JE. A Bayesian Analysis of the VITAL Trial: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025. 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.02.028
- Dinu M, Sofi F, Lotti S, Colombini B, Mattioli AV, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on coronary revascularization and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31:1863. 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae184
- Le VT, Knight S, Watrous JD, Najhawan M, Dao K, et al. Higher docosahexaenoic acid levels lower the protective impact of eicosapentaenoic acid on long-term major cardiovascular events. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1229130. 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1229130
- Luo X, Liu M, Wang S, Chen Y, Bao X, et al. Combining metabolomics and OCT to reveal plasma metabolic profiling and biomarkers of plaque erosion and plaque rupture in STEMI patients. Int J Cardiol. 2023;390:131223. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131223
- Myhre PL, Berge T, Kalstad AA, Tveit SH, Laake K, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements and risk of atrial fibrillation and 'micro-atrial fibrillation': A secondary analysis from the OMEMI trial. Clin Nutr. 2023;42:1657. 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.002
- Chiusolo S, Bork CS, Gentile F, Lundbye-Christensen S, Harris WS, et al. Adipose tissue n-3/n-6 fatty acids ratios versus n-3 fatty acids fractions as predictors of myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2023;262:38. 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.03.019
- Bork CS, Lundbye-Christensen S, Venø SK, Lasota AN, Tjønneland A, et al. Intake of marine and plant-derived n-3 fatty acids and development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62:1389. 10.1007/s00394-022-03081-w
- Park GH, Cho JH, Lee D, Kim Y. Association between Seafood Intake and Cardiovascular Disease in South Korean Adults: A Community-Based Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2022;14. 10.3390/nu14224864
- Bassuk SS, Manson JE. Marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and prevention of cardiovascular disease: update on the randomized trial evidence. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;119:1297. 10.1093/cvr/cvac172
- Alfaddagh A, Kapoor K, Dardari ZA, Bhatt DL, Budoff MJ, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular events: Implications for primary prevention. Atherosclerosis. 2022;353:11. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.1018
- Sunagawa Y, Katayama A, Funamoto M, Shimizu K, Shimizu S, et al. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DHA, ameliorate myocardial infarction-induced heart failure by inhibiting p300-HAT activity in rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2022;106:109031. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109031
- Halade GV, Kain V, De La Rosa X, Lindsey ML. Metabolic transformation of fat in obesity determines the inflammation resolving capacity of splenocardiac and cardiorenal networks in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2022;322:H953. 10.1152/ajpheart.00684.2021
- Wang CP, Lee CC, Wu DY, Chen SY, Lee TM. Differential effects of EPA and DHA on PPARγ-mediated sympathetic innervation in infarcted rat hearts by GPR120-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem. 2022;103:108950. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108950
- Myhre PL, Kalstad AA, Tveit SH, Laake K, Schmidt EB, et al. Changes in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and risk of cardiovascular events and atrial fibrillation: A secondary analysis of the OMEMI trial. J Intern Med. 2022;291:637. 10.1111/joim.13442
- Pertiwi K, Küpers LK, de Goede J, Zock PL, Kromhout D, et al. Dietary and Circulating Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Mortality Risk After Myocardial Infarction: A Long-Term Follow-Up of the Alpha Omega Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e022617. 10.1161/JAHA.121.022617
- Aggarwal R, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes With Icosapent Ethyl by Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Secondary Analysis of the REDUCE-IT Randomized Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038656. 10.1161/JAHA.124.038656
- Yamada R, Uematsu M, Nakamura T, Kobayashi T, Horikoshi T, et al. Elevated eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid ratio and rapid coronary blood flow restoration in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2025. 10.1016/j.hjc.2025.01.003
- Puccini SJ, Healy CL, Harsch BA, Ahmed AR, Shearer GC, et al. A Cell Autonomous Free fatty acid receptor 4 - ChemR23 Signaling Cascade Protects Cardiac Myocytes from Ischemic Injury. bioRxiv. 2025. 10.1101/2024.11.26.625260
- Miyauchi K, Iwata H, Nishizaki Y, Inoue T, Hirayama A, et al. Randomized Trial for Evaluation in Secondary Prevention Efficacy of Combination Therapy-Statin and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (RESPECT-EPA). Circulation. 2024;150:425. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065520
- Burger PM, Bhatt DL, Dorresteijn JAN, Koudstaal S, Mosterd A, et al. Effects of icosapent ethyl according to baseline residual risk in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: results from REDUCE-IT. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2024;10:488. 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvae030
- Szarek M, Bhatt DL, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, et al. Lipoprotein(a) Blood Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction With Icosapent Ethyl. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83:1529. 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.016
- Sabbour H, Bhatt DL, Elhenawi Y, Aljaberi A, Bennani L, et al. A Practical Approach to the Management of Residual Cardiovascular Risk: United Arab Emirates Expert Consensus Panel on the Evidence for Icosapent Ethyl and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2024. 10.1007/s10557-023-07519-z
- Bernhard B, Heydari B, Abdullah S, Francis SA, Lumish H, et al. Effect of six month's treatment with omega-3 acid ethyl esters on long-term outcomes after acute myocardial infarction: The OMEGA-REMODEL randomized clinical trial. Int J Cardiol. 2024;399:131698. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131698
- Borghi C, Bragagni A. Clinical results and mechanism of action of icosapent ethyl. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2023;25:B37. 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad088
- Rabbat MG, Lakshmanan S, Benjamin MM, Doros G, Kinninger A, et al. Benefit of icosapent ethyl on coronary physiology assessed by computed tomography angiography fractional flow reserve: EVAPORATE-FFRCT. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;24:866. 10.1093/ehjci/jead063
- Kobara M, Shiraishi T, Noda K, Toba H, Nakata T. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Preserves Mitochondrial Quality and Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction in Rats. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2023;16:816. 10.1007/s12265-023-10363-z
- Xuan C, Tian QW, Li H, Guo JJ, He GW, et al. Serum fatty acids profile and association with early-onset coronary artery disease. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021;12:20406223211033102. 10.1177/20406223211033102
- Zelniker TA, Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Furtado JD, Guo J, et al. Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients After an Acute Coronary Syndrome in MERLIN-TIMI 36. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e017401. 10.1161/JAHA.120.017401
- Fosshaug LE, Colas RA, Anstensrud AK, Gregersen I, Nymo S, et al. Early increase of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. EBioMedicine. 2019;46:264. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.024
- Desnoyers M, Gilbert K, Madingou N, Gagné MA, Daneault C, et al. A high omega-3 fatty acid diet rapidly changes the lipid composition of cardiac tissue and results in cardioprotection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;96:916. 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0043
- Colas RA, Souza PR, Walker ME, Burton M, Zasłona Z, et al. Impaired Production and Diurnal Regulation of Vascular RvD Increase Systemic Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2018;122:855. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312472
- Harris WS, Kennedy KF, O'Keefe JH, Spertus JA. Red blood cell fatty acid levels improve GRACE score prediction of 2-yr mortality in patients with myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:53. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.076
- Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Georgiades A, Sherwood A, et al. Association between n-3 fatty acid consumption and ventricular ectopy after myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1315. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26829
- Sun Q, Ma J, Campos H, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, et al. Blood concentrations of individual long-chain n-3 fatty acids and risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:216.
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